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[http://www.tug.org/tutorials/tugindia/ [LaTeX Tutorial]]      [[Elsarticle - CAS|[Elsarticle - CAS]]]      [[FAQ - elsarticle.cls|[FAQ - elsarticle.cls]]]
     [[Model-wise_bibliographic_style_files|[Model-wise bibliographic style files]]]
----
==Introduction==
==Introduction==


<code>elsarticle.cls</code> is a thoroughly rewritten document class
<code>elsarticle.cls</code> is a thoroughly rewritten document class
for formatting LaTeX submissions to Elsevier journals.
for formatting LaTeX submissions to Elsevier journals.
The class uses the environments and commands defined in LaTeX kernel
This class uses the environments and commands defined in the LaTeX kernel
without change to the signature so that clashes with other
without any change in the signature so that clashes with other
contributed LaTeX packages like <code>hyperref.sty</code>,
contributed LaTeX packages such as <code>hyperref.sty</code>,
<code>preview-latex.sty</code>, etc., will be minimal.
<code>preview-latex.sty</code>, etc. will be minimal.
<code>elsarticle.cls</code> is primarily built upon the default
<code>elsarticle.cls</code> is primarily built upon the default
<code>article.cls</code>.  The class depends on the following packages
<code>article.cls</code>.  This class depends on the following packages
for its proper functionality:
for its proper functioning:


# <code>pifont.sty</code> for openstar in the title footnotes.
# <code>pifont.sty</code> for openstar in the title footnotes;
# <code>natbib.sty</code> for citation processing.
# <code>natbib.sty</code> for citation processing;
# <code>geometry.sty</code> for margin settings.
# <code>geometry.sty</code> for margin settings;
# <code>fleqn.clo</code> for left aligned equations.
# <code>fleqn.clo</code> for left aligned equations;
# <code>graphicx.sty</code> for graphics inclusion.
# <code>graphicx.sty</code> for graphics inclusion;
# <code>txfonts.sty</code> optional font package, if document is to  be formatted with Times and compatible math fonts.
# <code>txfonts.sty</code> optional font package, if the document is to  be formatted with Times and compatible math fonts;
# <code>hyperref.sty</code> optional packages if hyper linking is required in the document.
# <code>hyperref.sty</code> optional packages if hyperlinking is required in the document.


All the above packages are part of any standard LaTeX installation.
All the above packages are part of any standard LaTeX installation.
Therefore, the users need not be bothered about downloading any
Therefore, the users need not be bothered about downloading any
extra packages.  Further, users are free to make use of AMS
extra packages.  Furthermore, users are free to make use of AMS
math packages like, <code>amsmath.sty</code>, <code>amsthm.sty</code>,
math packages such as <code>amsmath.sty</code>, <code>amsthm.sty</code>,
<code>amssymb.sty</code>, <code>amsfonts.sty</code>, etc., if they want.  All
<code>amssymb.sty</code>, <code>amsfonts.sty</code>, etc., if they want to.  All
these packages work in tandem with <code>elsarticle.cls</code> without
these packages work in tandem with <code>elsarticle.cls</code> without
any problems.
any problems.


==Major Differences==
==Major Differences==
Following are the major differences between <code>elsarticle.cls</code> and its predecessor package, <code>elsart.cls</code>:
Following are the major differences between <code>elsarticle.cls</code> and its predecessor package, <code>elsart.cls</code>:
* <code>elsarticle.cls</code> is built upon <code>article.cls</code> while <code>elsart.cls</code> is not. <code>elsart.cls</code> redefines many of the commands in the LaTeX classes/kernel, which can possibly cause surprising clashes with other contributed LaTeX packages.
* <code>elsarticle.cls</code> is built upon <code>article.cls</code> while <code>elsart.cls</code> is not. <code>elsart.cls</code> redefines many of the commands in the LaTeX classes/kernel, which can possibly cause surprising clashes with other contributed LaTeX packages;
* Provides preprint document formatting by default, and optionally formats the document as per the final style of models <code>1+</code>, <code>3+</code> and <code>5+</code> of Elsevier journals.
* provides preprint document formatting by default, and optionally formats the document as per the final style of models <code>1+</code>, <code>3+</code> and <code>5+</code> of Elsevier journals;
* Some easier hooks for formatting <code>list</code> and <code>theorem</code> environments are provided while people can still use <code>amsthm.sty</code> package.
* some easier ways for formatting <code>list</code> and <code>theorem</code> environments are provided while people can still use <code>amsthm.sty</code> package;
* <code>natbib.sty</code> is the main citation processing package which can comprehensively handle all kinds of citations and works perfectly with <code>hyperref.sty</code> in combination with <code>hypernat.sty</code>.
* <code>natbib.sty</code> is the main citation processing package which can comprehensively handle all kinds of citations and works perfectly with <code>hyperref.sty</code> in combination with <code>hypernat.sty</code>;
* Long title pages are processed correctly in preprint and final formats.
* long title pages are processed correctly in preprint and final formats.


==Installation==
==Installation==


The package is available at [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/elsarticle author resources page at Elsevier Science].
The package is available at [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/elsarticle author resources page at Elsevier].
It can also be found in any of the nodes of the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN), one of the primary nodes being [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/elsevier/ http://www.ctan.org]. Please grab the <code>elsarticle.dtx</code> which is the composite class with documentation and  <code>elsarticle.ins</code> which is the LaTeX installer file. When we compile the <code>elsarticle.ins</code> with LaTeX it provides the class file, <code>elsarticle.cls</code> by stripping off all the documentation from the <code>*.dtx</code> file. The class may be moved or copied to a place, usually, <code>$TEXMF/tex/latex/elsevier/</code>, or a folder which will be read by LaTeX during document compilation.  The TeX file database needs updation after moving/copying class file.  Usually, we use commands like <code>mktexlsr</code> or <code>texhash</code> depending upon the distribution and operating system.
It can also be found in any of the nodes of the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN), one of the primary nodes being  
[http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/elsarticle/ http://tug.ctan.org]. Please download <code>elsarticle.dtx</code> which is a composite class with documentation and  <code>elsarticle.ins</code> which is the LaTeX installer file. When we compile the <code>elsarticle.ins</code> with LaTeX, it provides the class file, <code>elsarticle.cls</code> by stripping off all the documentation from the <code>*.dtx</code> file. The class may be moved or copied to a place, usually, <code>$TEXMF/tex/latex/elsevier/</code>, or a folder which will be read by LaTeX during document compilation.  The TeX file database needs updation after moving/copying a class file.  Usually, we use commands such as <code>mktexlsr</code> and <code>texhash</code> depending upon the distribution and operating system.
 
Currently the latest version of elsarticle.cls (Version 3.3) is available only in this wiki page. CTAN and author resources pages at Elsevier will be updated as soon as possible.


==Usage==
==Usage==


The class should be loaded with the command:
The class should be loaded with the command:
<geshi lang="latex">
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
  \documentclass[<options>]{elsarticle}
  \documentclass[<options>]{elsarticle}
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>
where the <code>options</code> can be the following:
where the <code>options</code> can be the following:


; <code>preprint</code>: default options which formats the document for submission to Elsevier journals.
; <code>preprint</code>: default option which format the document for submission to Elsevier journals. Along with this option <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\date{Custom date}</syntaxhighlight> can be provided which will be printed in preprint line in footer.
; <code>review</code>: similar to <code>preprint</code> option, but increases the baselineskip to facilitate easier review process.
; <code>nopreprintline</code>: Suppresses the preprint line in the footer of the first page including the date.  
; <code>1p</code>: formats to the look and feel of the final format of model 1+ journals. This is always single column style.
; <code>review</code>: similar to the <code>preprint</code> option, but increases the baselineskip to facilitate an easier review process.
; <code>3p</code>: formats to the look and feel of the final format of model 3+ journals. If the journal is a two column model use <code>twocolumn</code> option in combination.
; <code>1p</code>: formats the article to the look and feel of the final format of model 1+ journals. This is always of single column style.
; <code>5p</code>: formats for model 5+ journals. This is always two column style.
; <code>3p</code>: formats the article to the look and feel of the final format of model 3+ journals. If the journal is a two column model, use '''<code>twocolumn</code>''' option in combination.
; <code>authoryear</code>: author-year citation style of <code>natbib.sty</code>. If you want to add extra options of <code>natbib.sty</code>, you may use the options as a comma delimited strings as argument to <code>\biboptions</code> command. An example would be:
; <code>5p</code>: formats for model 5+ journals. This is always of two column style.
<geshi lang="latex">
; <code>authoryear</code>: author&ndash;year citation style of <code>natbib.sty</code>. If you want to add extra options of <code>natbib.sty</code>, you may use the options as comma delimited strings as arguments to the <code>\biboptions</code> command. An example would be:
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
  \biboptions{longnamesfirst,angle,semicolon}
  \biboptions{longnamesfirst,angle,semicolon}
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>
; <code>number</code>: numbered citation style. Extra options can be loaded with <code>\biboptions</code> command.
; <code>number</code>: numbered citation style. Extra options can be loaded with <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\biboptions</syntaxhighlight> command.
; <code>sort&compress</code>: sorts and compresses the numbered citations. Example, citation [1,2,3] will become [1-3].
; <code>sort&compress</code>: sorts and compresses the numbered citations. For example, citation [1,2,3] will become [1-3].
; <code>longtitle</code>: if front matter is unusually long, use this option to split the title page across pages with correct placing of title and author footnotes in the first page.
; <code>longtitle</code>: if front matter is unusually long, use this option to split the title page across pages with the correct placement of title and author footnotes in the first page.
; <code>times</code>: loads <code>txfonts.sty</code> if available in   the system to use Times and compatible math fonts.
; <code>times</code>: loads <code>txfonts.sty</code>, if available in the system to use Times and compatible math fonts.
* All options of <code>article.cls</code> can be used with this  document class.
* All options of <code>article.cls</code> can be used with this  document class.
* The default options loaded are <code>a4paper</code>, <code>10pt</code>, <code>oneside</code>, <code>onecolumn</code> and <code>preprint</code>.
* The default options loaded are <code>a4paper</code>, <code>10pt</code>, <code>oneside</code>, <code>onecolumn</code> and <code>preprint</code>.
Line 67: Line 74:
==Front matter==
==Front matter==


There are two types of front matter coding &mdash; (1) each author is connected to an affiliation with a footnote marker; hence all
There are two types of front matter coding &mdash;  
authors are grouped together and affiliations follow; (2) authors
* each author is connected to an affiliation with a footnote marker, and hence all authors are grouped together and the affiliations follow;  
of same affiliations are grouped together and the relevant
* authors with the same affiliation are grouped together and the relevant affiliation follows this group. An example coding of the first type is provided below:
affiliation follows this group. An example coding of the first
type is provided below:


<geshi lang="latex">
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{frontmatter}
\begin{frontmatter}
  \title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
  \title{This is a specimen $a_b$ title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
  \tnotetext[t1]{This document is a collaborative effort.}
  \tnotetext[t1]{This document is the results of the research
    project funded by the National Science Foundation.}
  \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer  
  \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer  
     longer than the first one and with an intention to fill
     text matter to fill through the whole text width and
    in up more than one line while formatting.}  
    overflow into another line in the footnotes area of the  
    first page.}
 
 
\author[1]{J.K. Krishnan\corref{cor1}%
  \fnref{fn1}}
\ead{jkk@example.in}
 
\author[1,2]{Han Thane\fnref{fn2}}
\ead{han@different.edu}
 
\author[3]{T. Rafeeq\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
\ead[url]{www.nowhere.com}
 
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long footnote and
  it should be a really long footnote. But this footnote is not yet
  sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote text.}
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}


\author[rvt]{C.V.~Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}
\affiliation[1]{organization={Department of Physics,
\ead{cvr@river-valley.com}
                              J.K. Institute of Science},
                addressline={Jawahar Nagar},
                city={Trivandrum},
%              citysep={}, % Uncomment if no comma needed between city and postcode
                postcode={695013},
                state={Kerala},
                country={India}}


\author[rvt,focal]{K.~Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}
\affiliation[2]{organization={World Scientific University},
\ead{kaveh@river-valley.com}
                addressline={Street 29},  
                postcode={1011 NX},
                postcodesep={},
                city={Amsterdam},
                country={The Netherlands}}


\author[els]{S.~Pepping\corref{cor2}\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
\affiliation[3]{organization={University of Intelligent Studies},
\ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}
                addressline={Street 15},  
                city={Jabaldesh},
                postcode={825001},
                state={Orissa},
                country={India}}


  \cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
  \cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\cortext[cor2]{Principal corresponding author}
  \fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
  \fntext[fn1]{This is the specimen author footnote.}
  \fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long
  \fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, but a little more longer.}
  footnote and it should be a really long footnote. But this
  \fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote. Indeed, you can have
  footnote is not yet sufficiently long enough to make two
    any number of author footnotes.}
  lines of footnote text.}
  \fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}


\address[rvt]{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,
    Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}
\address[focal]{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court,
    Kennford, Exeter, United Kingdom}
\address[els]{Central Application Management,
    Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX\\
    Amsterdam, Netherlands}
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
\end{frontmatter}
\end{frontmatter}
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>


Output of the above TeX sources will look like the following:
Output of another TeX source which was coded as above will look like as the following:


<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
<tr><td>


<!--div style="border: 1px dotted black; background-color: #ccc; padding: 4px; margin: 12px; width: 100%; float: left" class="portlet"-->
<table frame="box">
<tr><td>[[Image:Els-fm1.png|650px]]</td></tr>
</table>


[[Image:Els1.png]]
;Output of the footnotes and footer part will be as below:


<!--/div-->
<table frame="box">
<tr><td>[[Image:Els-fm1a.png|650px]]</td></tr>
</table>


</td></tr></table>


Most of the commands like <code>\title</code>, <code>\author</code>, <code>\address</code> are self explanatory. Various components are linked each other by a  
Most of the commands such as <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\title</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\author</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\address</syntaxhighlight> are self-explanatory. Various components are linked to each other by a  
label–reference mechanism, for instance, title footnote is linked to the title with a footnote mark generated by referring to the <code>\label</code> string of the <code>\tnotetext</code>. We have used similar commands like <code>\tnoteref</code> (to link title note to title); <code>\corref</code> (to link corresponding author text to corresponding author); <code>\fnref</code> (to link footnote text to the relevant author names). TeX needs two compilations to resolve the footnote marks in the preamble part. Given below are the syntax of various note marks and note texts.
label–reference mechanism; for instance, title footnote is linked to the title with a footnote mark generated by referring to the <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\label</syntaxhighlight> string of the <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\tnotetext</syntaxhighlight>. We have used similar commands such as <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\tnoteref</syntaxhighlight> (to link the title note to the title), <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\corref</syntaxhighlight> (to link the corresponding author text to the corresponding author); <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\fnref</syntaxhighlight> (to link the footnote text to the relevant author names). TeX needs two compilations to resolve the footnote marks in the preamble part. Given below are the syntax of various note marks and note texts.
<geshi lang="latex">
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
  \tnoteref{<label(s)>}
  \tnoteref{<label(s)>}
  \corref{<label(s)>}
  \corref{<label(s)>}
Line 131: Line 165:
  \cortext[<label>]{<corresponding author note text>}
  \cortext[<label>]{<corresponding author note text>}
  \fntext[<label>]{<author footnote text>}
  \fntext[<label>]{<author footnote text>}
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>
where <code><label(s)></code> can be either one or more comma delimited
where <code><label(s)></code> can be either one or more comma delimited
label strings. The optional arguments to the <code>\author</code>
label strings. The optional arguments to the <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\author</syntaxhighlight>
command holds the ref label(s) of the address(es) to which the author
command holds the ref label(s) of the address(es) to which the author
is affiliated while each <code>\address</code> command can have an
is affiliated while each <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\address</syntaxhighlight> command can have an
optional argument of a label. In the same manner,
optional argument of a label. In the same manner,
<code>\tnotetext</code>, <code>\fntext</code>, <code>\cortext</code>
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\tnotetext</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\fntext</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\cortext</syntaxhighlight>
will have optional arguments as their respective labels and note text
will have optional arguments as their respective labels and note text
as their mandatory argument.
as their mandatory argument.


The following example code provides the markup of the second type of
The following example code provides the markup of the second type of
author-affiliation.
author affiliation.
<geshi lang="latex">
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\author{C.V.~Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}
 
\ead{cvr@river-valley.com}
\author{J.K. Krishnan\corref{cor1}%
\address{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,
  \fnref{fn1}}
    Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}
\ead{jkk@example.in}
</geshi>
\affiliation{organization={Department of Physics,  
<geshi lang="latex">
                              J.K. Institute of Science},
\author{K.~Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}
                addressline={Jawahar Nagar},  
\ead{kaveh@river-valley.com}
                city={Trivandrum},
\address{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court, Kennford,
%              citysep={}, % Uncomment if no comma needed between city and postcode
    Exeter, United Kingdom}
                postcode={695013},
</geshi>
                state={Kerala},
<geshi lang="latex">
                country={India}}
\author{S.~Pepping\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
 
\ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}
 
\address{Central Application Management,
\author{Han Thane\fnref{fn2}}
    Elsevier, Radarweg 43, 1043 NX Amsterdam, Netherlands}
\ead{han@different.edu}
</geshi>
\affiliation{organization={World Scientific University},
<geshi lang="latex">
                addressline={Street 29},  
                postcode={1011 NX},  
                postcodesep={},  
                city={Amsterdam},
                country={The Netherlands}}
 
 
\author{T. Rafeeq\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
\ead[url]{www.nowhere.com}
\affiliation{organization={University of Intelligent Studies},
                addressline={Street 15},  
                city={Jabaldesh},
                postcode={825001},  
                state={Orissa},
                country={India}}
 
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
\fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long footnote and
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote; this is a very long footnote and
   it should be a really long footnote. But this footnote is not yet
   it should be a really long footnote. But this footnote is not
   sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote text.}
   sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote text.}
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>
Output of the above TeX sources will look like the following:  
The output of the above TeX sources will look like the following:  
<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
 
<tr><td>
<table frame="box">
<tr><td>[[Image:Els-fm2.png|650px]]</td></tr>
</table>
 
;Output of the footnotes and footer part will be as below:
 
<table frame="box">
<tr><td>[[Image:Els-fm1a.png|650px]]</td></tr>
</table>
 
 


<!--div style="border: 1px dotted black; background-color: #ccc; padding: 4px; margin: 12px; width: 100%; float: left" class="portlet"-->
The front matter part has further environments such as <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\begin{abstract} . . . \end{abstract}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\begin{keyword} ... \end{keyword}</syntaxhighlight> which contain the abstract and keywords respectively.


[[Image:Els2.png]]
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{abstract}
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on
the interface between a cuprous oxide slab and a polystyrene
micro-sphere placed on the slab. .....
\end{abstract}
</syntaxhighlight>


<!--/div-->


</td></tr></table>
Keywords can be marked up in the following manner:
The front matter part has further environments like <code>\begin{abstract} . . . \end{abstract}</code> and <code>\begin{keyword} ... \end{keyword}</code> which contain the abstract and keywords respectively. Keywords can be marked up in the following
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
manner:
<geshi lang="latex">
\begin{keyword}
\begin{keyword}
   quadruple exiton \sep polariton \sep WGM
   quadruple exiton \sep polariton \sep WGM
  \PACS 71.35.-y \sep 71.35.Lk \sep 71.36.+c
\end{keyword}
\end{keyword}
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>
Each keyword shall be separated by <code>\sep</code> command. PACS and MSC classifications shall be provided in the keyword environment with the commands <code>\PACS</code> and <code>\MSC</code> respectively. <code>\MSC</code> accepts an optional argument to accommodate future revisions. eg., <code>\MSC[2008]</code>. The default is 2000.
Each keyword shall be separated by a <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\sep</syntaxhighlight> command. MSC classifications shall be provided in the keyword environment with the commands <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\MSC</syntaxhighlight>. <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\MSC</syntaxhighlight> accepts an optional argument to accommodate future revisions. e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\MSC[2008]</syntaxhighlight>. The default is 2000.


===Specimen of a title page coding===
===Specimen of a title page coding===
Following is the specimen of a title page coding.
Following is the specimen of a title page coding.
<geshi lang="latex">
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\documentclass[preprint,1p,12pt]{elsarticle}
\documentclass[preprint,1p,12pt]{elsarticle}


Line 203: Line 264:
\title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
\title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
  \tnotetext[t1]{This document is a collaborative effort.}
  \tnotetext[t1]{This document is a collaborative effort.}
\tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is longer
    than the first one and with an intention to fill
    in up more than one line while formatting.}
\title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
\tnotetext[t1]{This document is the results of the research
    project funded by the National Science Foundation.}
  \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer  
  \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer  
     longer than the first one and with an intention to fill
     text matter to fill through the whole text width and  
     in up more than one line while formatting.}  
     overflow into another line in the footnotes area of the
    first page.}
\author[rvt]{C.V.~Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}
 
\ead{cvr@river-valley.com}
\author[1]{J.K. Krishnan\corref{cor1}%
  \fnref{fn1}}
\author[rvt,focal]{K.~Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}
\ead{jkk@example.in}
\ead{kaveh@river-valley.com}
 
\author[1,2]{Han Thane\fnref{fn2}}
\author[els]{S.~Pepping\corref{cor2}\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
\ead{han@different.edu}
\ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}
 
\author[3]{T. Rafeeq\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\ead[url]{www.nowhere.com}
\cortext[cor2]{Principal corresponding author}
 
\fntext[fn1]{This is the specimen author footnote.}
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, but a little more longer.}
\fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote. Indeed, you can have
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long footnote and
    any number of author footnotes.}
  it should be a really long footnote. But this footnote is not yet
  sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote text.}
\address[rvt]{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}
    Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}
 
\address[focal]{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court,
\affiliation[1]{organization={Department of Physics,  
    Kennford, Exeter, United Kingdom}
                              J.K. Institute of Science},
\address[els]{Central Application Management,
                addressline={Jawahar Nagar},  
    Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX\\
                city={Trivandrum},
    Amsterdam, Netherlands}
%              citysep={}, % Uncomment if no comma needed between city and postcode
                postcode={695013},
                state={Kerala},
                country={India}}
 
\affiliation[2]{organization={World Scientific University},
                addressline={Street 29},  
                postcode={1011 NX},  
                postcodesep={},  
                city={Amsterdam},
                country={The Netherlands}}
 
\affiliation[3]{organization={University of Intelligent Studies},
                addressline={Street 15},
                city={Jabaldesh},
                postcode={825001},  
                state={Orissa},  
                country={India}}
 
\begin{abstract}
\begin{abstract}
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on
Line 237: Line 323:


\begin{keyword}
\begin{keyword}
   quadruple exiton \sep polariton \sep WGM
   quadruple exciton \sep polariton \sep WGM
  \PACS 71.35.-y \sep 71.35.Lk \sep 71.36.+c
\end{keyword}
\end{keyword}


Line 245: Line 330:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
Although quadrupole excitons (QE) in cuprous oxide crystals are good
Although quadrupole excitons (QE) in cuprous oxide crystals are good
candidates for BEC ......
candidates for BEC... See section \ref{sec1}.
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>
 
===Other useful environments in the front matter===
Graphical abstract and Highlights are to be given within {frontmatter} environment.
 
====Graphical abstract====
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{graphicalabstract}
\includegraphics{graphicalabstract.png}
\end{graphicalabstract}
</syntaxhighlight>
 
 
;Highlights
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{highlights}
\item This is the highlight point of this article.
\item This is the highlight point of this article.
\item This is the highlight point of this article.
\end{highlights}
</syntaxhighlight>


==Floats==
==Floats==
Figures may be included using the command, <code>\includegraphics</code> in combination with or without its several options to further control the graphic. <code>\includegraphics</code> is provided by <code>graphic[s,x].sty</code> which is part of any standard LaTeX distribution.
Figures may be included using the command, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\includegraphics</syntaxhighlight> in combination with or without its several options to further control graphics. <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\includegraphics</syntaxhighlight> is provided by <code>graphic[s,x].sty</code> which is part of any standard LaTeX distribution.
<code>graphicx.sty</code> is loaded by default. LaTeX accepts figures in postscript format while pdfLaTeX accepts <code>*.pdf</code>, <code>*.mps</code> (metapost), <code>*.jpg</code> and <code>*.png</code> formats. pdfLaTeX does not accept graphic files in postscript format.
<code>graphicx.sty</code> is loaded by default. LaTeX accepts figures in the postscript format while pdfLaTeX accepts <code>*.pdf</code>, <code>*.mps</code> (metapost), <code>*.jpg</code> and <code>*.png</code> formats. pdfLaTeX does not accept graphic files in the postscript format.


The table environment is handy for marking up tabular material. If users want to use <code>multirow.sty</code>, <code>array.sty</code>, etc., to fine control/enhance the tables, they are welcome to load any package of their choice and <code>elsarticle.cls</code> will work in combination with all loaded packages.
The table environment is handy for marking up tabular material. If users want to use <code>multirow.sty</code>, <code>array.sty</code>, etc., to fine control/enhance the tables, they are welcome to load any package of their choice and <code>elsarticle.cls</code> will work in combination with all loaded packages.


==Theorem and theorem like environments==
==Theorem and theorem-like environments==
<code>elsarticle.cls</code> provides a few hooks to format theorems and theorem like environments with ease. In all commands the options that are used with <code>\newtheorem</code> command will work exactly in the same manner. <code>elsarticle.cls</code> provides three commands to format theorem or theorem like environments:
<code>elsarticle.cls</code> provides a few shortcuts to format theorems and theorem-like environments with ease. In all commands the options that are used with the <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\newtheorem</syntaxhighlight> command will work exactly in the same manner. <code>elsarticle.cls</code> provides three commands to format theorem or theorem-like environments:
<geshi lang="latex">
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma}
Line 262: Line 369:
\newproof{pf}{Proof}
\newproof{pf}{Proof}
\newproof{pot}{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm2}}
\newproof{pot}{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm2}}
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>


<code>\newtheorem</code> command formats a theorem in LaTeX's default style with italicized font, bold font for theorem heading, theorem number at the right hand side of the theorem heading. It also optionally accepts an argument which will be printed as an extra heading in parentheses. The following text will show you how some text enclosed between <code>\begin{thm} . . . \end{thm}</code> will look like.  
The <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\newtheorem</syntaxhighlight> command formats a theorem in LaTeX's default style with italicized font, bold font for theorem heading and theorem number at the right hand side of the theorem heading. It also optionally accepts an argument which will be printed as an extra heading in parentheses. The following text will show you how some text enclosed in <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\begin{thm} . . . \end{thm}</syntaxhighlight> will look like.  


<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
[[Image:Els3.png|700px]]
<tr><td>


[[Image:Els3.png]]


</td></tr></table>
The <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\newdefinition</syntaxhighlight> command is the same in all respects as its <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\newtheorem</syntaxhighlight> counterpart except that the font shape is roman instead of italic. Both <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\newdefinition</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\newtheorem</syntaxhighlight> commands automatically define counters for the environments defined. See the output of <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\begin{rmk} . . . \end{rmk}</syntaxhighlight> which is given below.


<code>\newdefinition</code> command is same in all respects as its <code>\newtheorem</code> counterpart except that the font shape is roman instead of italic. Both <code>\newdefinition</code> and <code>\newtheorem</code> commands automatically defines counters for the environments defined. See the output of of <code>\begin{rmk} . . . \end{rmk}</code> which is given below.
<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
<tr><td>


[[Image:Els4.png]]
[[Image:Els4.png|700px]]


</td></tr></table>


<code>\newproof</code> command is for defining proof environments with upright font shape. No counters are defined. See the output of <code>\begin{pot} . . . \end{pot}</code> which is given below.
The <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\newproof</syntaxhighlight> command defines proof environments with upright font shape. No counters are defined. See the output of <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\begin{pot} . . . \end{pot}</syntaxhighlight> which is given below.


<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
<tr><td>


[[Image:Els5.png]]
[[Image:Els5.png|700px]]


</td></tr></table>


Users can also make use of <code>amsthm.sty</code> which will override all the default definitions described above.
Users can also make use of <code>amsthm.sty</code> which will override all the default definitions described above.


==Enumerated and Itemized Lists==
==Enumerated and Itemized Lists==
<code>elsarticle.cls</code> provides an extended list processing macros which makes the usage a bit more user friendly than the default LaTeX list macros. With an optional argument to the <code>\begin{enumerate}</code> command, you can change the list counter type and its attributes.
<code>elsarticle.cls</code> provides extended list processing macros which makes the usage a bit more user friendly than the default LaTeX list macros. With an optional argument to the <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\begin{enumerate}</syntaxhighlight> command, you can change the list counter type and its attributes.
<geshi lang="latex">
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{enumerate}[1.]
\begin{enumerate}[1.]
\item The enumerate environment starts with an optional argument `1.' so that the item counter will be suffixed  by a period.
\item The enumerate environment starts with an optional argument `1.', so that the item counter will be suffixed  by a period.
\item If you provide a closing parenthesis to the number in the  optional argument, the output will have closing parenthesis for all the item counters.
\item If you provide a closing parenthesis to the number in the  optional argument, the output will have closing parentheses for all the item counters.
\item You can use `(a)' for alphabetical counter and '(i)' for  roman counter.
\item You can use `(a)' for alphabetical counter and '(i)' for  roman counter.
  \begin{enumerate}[a)]
  \begin{enumerate}[a)]
Line 311: Line 408:
\item All list items conclude with this step.
\item All list items conclude with this step.
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>


The typeset copy of the above source code is given below:
The typeset copy of the above source code is given below:
Line 322: Line 419:
</td></tr></table>
</td></tr></table>


Further, the enhanced list environment allows one to prefix a string like `step' to all the item numbers. Take a look at the example below:
Furthermore, the enhanced list environment allows one to prefix a string-like `step' to all the item numbers. Take a look at the example below:
<geshi lang="latex">
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{enumerate}[Step 1.]
\begin{enumerate}[Step 1.]
  \item This is the first step of the example list.
  \item This is the first step of the example list.
Line 329: Line 426:
  \item The final step to wind up this example.
  \item The final step to wind up this example.
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
</geshi>
</syntaxhighlight>
The typeset copy of the above source code is given below:
The typeset copy of the above source code is given below:


Line 340: Line 437:


==Cross-references==
==Cross-references==
In electronic publications articles may be internally hyperlinked. Hyperlinks are generated from proper cross-references in the article. For example, the words
In electronic publications, articles may be internally hyperlinked. Hyperlinks are generated from proper cross-references in the article. For example, the words
<code>Fig. 1</code> will never be more than simple text, whereas the proper cross-reference <code>\ref{tiger}</code> may be turned into a hyperlink to the figure itself: <code>Fig. 1</code>. In the same way, the words <code>Ref. [1]</code> will fail to turn into a hyperlink; the proper cross-reference is <code>\cite{Knuth96}</code>. Cross-referencing is possible in LaTeX for sections, subsections, formulae, figures, tables, and literature references.
<code>Fig. 1</code> will never be more than a simple text, whereas the proper cross-reference <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\ref{tiger}</syntaxhighlight> may be turned into a hyperlink to the figure itself: <code>Fig. 1</code>. In the same way, the words <code>Ref. [1]</code> will fail to turn into a hyperlink; the proper cross-reference is <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\cite{Knuth96}</syntaxhighlight>. Cross-referencing is possible in LaTeX for sections, subsections, formulae, figures, tables, and literature references.


==Mathematical symbols and formulae==
==Mathematical symbols and formulae==
<!--
<!--
Many physical/mathematical sciences authors require more mathematical symbols than the few that are provided in standard LaTeX. A useful package for  
Many physical/mathematical science authors require more mathematical symbols than the few that are provided in standard LaTeX. A useful package for  
additional symbols is the <code>amssymb</code> package, developed by the American Mathematical Society. This package includes such oft used symbols as <code>\lesssim</code> for <math>\lesssim</math>, <code>\gtrsim</code> for <math>\gtrsim</math>  or <code>\hbar</code> for <math>\gtrsim</math>. Note that your TeX system should have the <code>msam</code> and <code>msbm</code> fonts installed. If you need only a few symbols, such as \Box for <math>\Box</math>, you might try the package <code>latexsym</code>.
additional symbols is the <code>amssymb</code> package, developed by the American Mathematical Society. This package includes such oft-used symbols as <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\lesssim</syntaxhighlight> for <math>\lesssim</math> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\gtrsim</syntaxhighlight> for <math>\gtrsim</math>  or <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\hbar</syntaxhighlight> for <math>\gtrsim</math>. Note that your TeX system should have the <code>msam</code> and <code>msbm</code> fonts installed. If you need only a few symbols, such as <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Box</synaxhighlight> for <math>\Box</math>, you might try the package <code>latexsym</code>.
-->
-->
Many physical/mathematical sciences authors require more mathematical symbols than the few that are provided in standard LaTeX. A useful package for  
Many physical/mathematical science authors require more mathematical symbols than the few that are provided in standard LaTeX. A useful package for  
additional symbols is the <code>amssymb</code> package, developed by the American Mathematical Society. This package includes such oft used symbols as <code>\lesssim</code>, <code>\gtrsim</code> or <code>\hbar</code>. Note that your TeX system should have the <code>msam</code> and <code>msbm</code> fonts installed. If you need only a few symbols, such as \Box, you might try the package <code>latexsym</code>.
additional symbols is the <code>amssymb</code> package, developed by the American Mathematical Society. This package includes such oft-used symbols as <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\lesssim</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\gtrsim</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\hbar</syntaxhighlight>. Note that your TeX system should have the <code>msam</code> and <code>msbm</code> fonts installed. If you need only a few symbols, such as <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Box</syntaxhighlight>, you might try the package <code>latexsym</code>.


<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
Line 358: Line 455:
</td></tr></table>
</td></tr></table>


Another point which would require authors' attention is the breaking of longer equations. When you use <code>elsarticle.cls</code> for formatting your submissions in preprint mode, the document is formatted in single column style with a text width of 384pt or 5.3in. When this document is formatted for final print and if the journal happens to be a double column journal, the text width will be reduced to 224pt at for 3+ double column and 5+ journals respectively. All the nifty fine tuning in equation breaking done by the author goes to waste in such cases. Therefore, authors are requested to check this problem by typesetting their submissions in final format as well just to see if their equations are broken at appropriate places, by changing appropriate options in the document class loading command, which is explained in the section  [[Usage|Usage]]. This allows authors to fix any equation breaking problem before submission for publication. <code>elsarticle.cls</code> supports formatting the author submission in different types of final format. This is further discussed in section 12, Final print.
Another point which would require the authors' attention is the breaking up of long equations. When you use <code>elsarticle.cls</code> for formatting your submissions in the preprint mode, the document is formatted in single column style with a text width of 384pt or 5.3in. When this document is formatted for final print and if the journal happens to be a double column journal, the text width will be reduced to 224pt for 3+ double column and 5+ journals respectively. All the nifty fine-tuning in equation breaking done by the author goes to waste in such cases. Therefore, authors are requested to check this problem by typesetting their submissions in the final format as well just to see if their equations are broken at the appropriate places, by changing appropriate options in the document class loading command, which is explained in the section  [http://support.river-valley.com/wiki/index.php?title=Elsarticle.cls#Usage Usage]. This allows authors to fix any equation breaking problem before submission for publication. <code>elsarticle.cls</code> supports formatting the author submission in different types of final format. This is further discussed in
the section [http://support.river-valley.com/wiki/index.php?title=Elsarticle.cls#Final_print Final print].


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
Three bibliographic style files (*.bst) are provided -- <code>elsarticle-num.bst<code>, <code>elsarticle-num-names.bst</code> and elsarticle-harv.bst -- the first one for numbered scheme, the second for numbered with new options of natbib.sty and the last one for author year scheme.
Three bibliographic style files (*.bst) are provided &mdash; <code>elsarticle-num.bst</code>, <code>elsarticle-num-names.bst</code> and <code>elsarticle-harv.bst</code> &mdash; the first one for the numbered scheme, the second for the numbered with new options of natbib.sty and the last one for the author&ndash;year scheme.


In LaTeX literature references are listed in the <code>thebibliography</code> environment. Each reference is a <code>\bibitem</code>; each <code>\bibitem</code> is identified by a label, by which it can be cited in the text: <code>\bibitem[Elson et al.(1996)]{ESG96}</code> is cited as <code>\citet{ESG96}</code>. In connection with cross-referencing and possible future hyperlinking it is not a good idea to collect more than one literature item in one <code>\bibitem</code>. The so-called Harvard or author-year style of referencing is enabled by the LaTeX package <code>natbib</code>. With this package the literature can be cited as follows:
In the LaTeX literature, references are listed in the <code>thebibliography</code> environment. Each reference is a <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\bibitem</syntaxhighlight> and each <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\bibitem</syntaxhighlight> is identified by a label, by which it can be cited in the text: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\bibitem[Elson et al.(1996)]{ESG96}</syntaxhighlight> is cited as <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\citet{ESG96}</syntaxhighlight>. In connection with cross-referencing and possible future hyperlinking it is not a good idea to collect more than one literature item in one <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\bibitem</syntaxhighlight>. The so-called Harvard or author&ndash;year style of referencing is enabled by the LaTeX package <code>natbib</code>. With this package the literature can be cited as follows:
* Parenthetical: <code>\citep{WB96}</code> produces (Wettig & Brown, 1996).
* Parenthetical: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\citep{WB96}</syntaxhighlight> produces (Wettig & Brown, 1996).
* Textual: <code>\citet{ESG96}</code> produces Elson et al. (1996).
* Textual: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\citet{ESG96}</syntaxhighlight> produces Elson et al. (1996).
* An affix and part of a reference: <code>\citep[e.g.][Ch. 2]{Gea97}</code> produces (e.g. Governato et al., 1997, Ch. 2).
* An affix and part of a reference: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\citep[e.g.][Ch. 2]{Gea97}</syntaxhighlight> produces (e.g. Governato et al., 1997, Ch. 2).
In the numbered scheme of citation, <code>\cite{<label>}</code> is used, since <code>\citep</code> or <code>\citet</code> has no relevance in numbered scheme. <code>natbib</code> package is loaded by elsarticle with numbers as default option. You can change this to author-year or harvard scheme by adding option <code>authoryear</code> in the class loading command. If you want to use more options of the <code>natbib</code> package, you can do so with the <code>\biboptions</code> command, which is described in section 4, Usage. For details of various options of the <code>natbib</code> package, please take a look at the natbib documentation, which is part of any standard LaTeX installation.
In the numbered scheme of citation, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\cite{<label>}</syntaxhighlight> is used, since <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\citep</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\citet</syntaxhighlight> has no relevance in the numbered scheme. <code>natbib</code> package is loaded by <code>elsarticle.cls</code> with numbers as default options. You can change this to the author&ndash;year or harvard scheme by adding option <code>authoryear</code> in the class loading command. If you want to use more options of the <code>natbib</code> package, you can do so with the <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\biboptions</syntaxhighlight> command, which is described in the section [http://support.river-valley.com/wiki/index.php?title=Elsarticle.cls#Usage Usage]. For details of various options of the <code>natbib</code> package, please take a look at the natbib documentation, which is part of any standard LaTeX installation.


==Final print==
==Final print==
Authors can format their submission to the page size and margins of their preferred journal. <code>elsarticle</code> provides four class options for the same:
The authors can format their submission to the page size and margins of their preferred journal. <code>elsarticle</code> provides four class options for the same.
But it '''does not mean''' that using these options you can emulate the exact page layout of the final print copy.
 
;<code>1p</code>: 1+ journals with a text area of 384pt × 562pt or 13.5cm × 19.75cm or 5.3in × 7.78in, single column style only.
;<code>1p</code>: 1+ journals with a text area of 384pt × 562pt or 13.5cm × 19.75cm or 5.3in × 7.78in, single column style only.
;<code>3p</code>: 3+ journals with a text area of 468pt × 622pt or 16.45cm × 21.9cm or 6.5in × 8.6in, single column style.
;<code>3p</code>: 3+ journals with a text area of 468pt × 622pt or 16.45cm × 21.9cm or 6.5in × 8.6in, single column style.
;<code>3pd</code>: 3+ with the same text area as above, double column style.
;<code>twocolumn</code>: should be used along with '''<code>3p</code>''' option if the journal is 3+ with the same text area as above, but double column style.
;<code>5p</code>: 5+ with text area of 522pt × 682pt or 18.35cm × 24cm or 7.22in × 9.45in, double column style only.
;<code>5p</code>: 5+ with a text area of 522pt × 682pt or 18.35cm × 24cm or 7.22in × 9.45in, double column style only.


Following is the first page of a typical single column article.
Following is the first page of a typical single column article.


<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
<table frame="box">
<tr><td>
<tr><td>[[Image:Els-1p.png|675px]]</td></tr>
 
</table>
[[Image:Els1.png]]
 
</td></tr></table>


Model 1+ and 3+ will have the same look and feel in the typeset copy when presented in this document. That is also the case with the double column 3+ and 5+ journal article pages. The only difference will be wider text width of higher models. Therefore we will look at the different portions of a typical single column journal page and that of a double column article in the final format.
Model 1+ and 3+ will have the same look and feel in the typeset copy when presented in this document. This is also the case with the double column 3+ and 5+ journal article pages. The only difference will be the wider text width of higher models. Therefore we will look at the different portions of a typical single column journal page and that of a double column article in the final format.


Following is the first page of a typical double column article.
Following is the first page of a typical double column article.


<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
<table frame="box">
<tr><td>
<tr><td>[[Image:Els-5p.png|675px]]</td></tr>
 
</table>
[[Image:Els9.png]]
 
</td></tr></table>


==Displayed equations and double column journals==
==Displayed equations and double column journals==
Many Elsevier journals print their text in two columns. Because the preprint layout uses a larger line width than such columns, the formulas are too wide for the line width in print. Here is an example of an equation (see equation 6) which is perfect in single column preprint format:
Many Elsevier journals print their text in two columns. Since the preprint layout uses a larger line width than such columns, the formulae are too wide for the line width in print. Here is an example of an equation (see equation 6) which is perfect in a single column preprint format:


<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
<table border="1" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
Line 415: Line 509:
</td></tr></table>
</td></tr></table>


The typesetter will try to break the equation which need not necessarily be to the liking of the author or as it happens, typesetter's break point may be semantically incorrect. Therefore, authors may check their submissions for the incidence of such long equations and break the equations at the correct places so that the final typeset copy will be as they wish.
The typesetter will try to break the equation which need not necessarily be to the liking of the author or as happens, the typesetter's break point may be semantically incorrect. Therefore, authors may check their submissions for the incidence of such long equations and break the equations at the correct places so that the final typeset copy will be as they wish.
 
==Download the <code>elsarticle</code> packages==
 
The following files are available for download:
 
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/elsarticle.cls elsarticle.cls], the class file
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/elsarticle-num.bst elsarticle-num.bst], bibtex style file for numerical references
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/elsarticle-harv.bst elsarticle-harv.bst], bibtex style file for name-year references
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/elsarticle-num-names.bst elsarticle-num-names.bst], bibtex style file for numerical references also allowing name-year citations
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/elsarticle-template-num.tex elsarticle-template-num.tex], template file for numerical references
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/elsarticle-template-harv.tex elsarticle-template-harv.tex], template file for name-year references
<!--
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/doc/elsdoc-print.pdf elsdoc-print.pdf], the user documentation (print version)
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/doc/elsdoc-screen.pdf elsdoc-screen.pdf], the user documentation (screen version)
-->
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/elsarticle-v3.3-ELS.zip elsarticle-v3.3-ELS.zip], the above files in a single zip file. Also it contains the source files for generating elsdoc-print.pdf.
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/elsarticle-model-wise-bst.zip elsarticle-model-wise-bst.zip]. This archive contains model-wise bibliographic bst files and specimen templates.
# [https://download-new.river-valley.com/elsarticle/logos.zip logos.zip], the logos.
 
==Contact==
Please write to [mailto:elsarticle@stmdocs.in elsarticle@stmdocs.in] for any help, feedbacks or suggestions.

Latest revision as of 15:49, 17 December 2022

[LaTeX Tutorial]      [Elsarticle - CAS]      [FAQ - elsarticle.cls]      [Model-wise bibliographic style files]


Introduction

elsarticle.cls is a thoroughly rewritten document class for formatting LaTeX submissions to Elsevier journals. This class uses the environments and commands defined in the LaTeX kernel without any change in the signature so that clashes with other contributed LaTeX packages such as hyperref.sty, preview-latex.sty, etc. will be minimal. elsarticle.cls is primarily built upon the default article.cls. This class depends on the following packages for its proper functioning:

  1. pifont.sty for openstar in the title footnotes;
  2. natbib.sty for citation processing;
  3. geometry.sty for margin settings;
  4. fleqn.clo for left aligned equations;
  5. graphicx.sty for graphics inclusion;
  6. txfonts.sty optional font package, if the document is to be formatted with Times and compatible math fonts;
  7. hyperref.sty optional packages if hyperlinking is required in the document.

All the above packages are part of any standard LaTeX installation. Therefore, the users need not be bothered about downloading any extra packages. Furthermore, users are free to make use of AMS math packages such as amsmath.sty, amsthm.sty, amssymb.sty, amsfonts.sty, etc., if they want to. All these packages work in tandem with elsarticle.cls without any problems.

Major Differences

Following are the major differences between elsarticle.cls and its predecessor package, elsart.cls:

  • elsarticle.cls is built upon article.cls while elsart.cls is not. elsart.cls redefines many of the commands in the LaTeX classes/kernel, which can possibly cause surprising clashes with other contributed LaTeX packages;
  • provides preprint document formatting by default, and optionally formats the document as per the final style of models 1+, 3+ and 5+ of Elsevier journals;
  • some easier ways for formatting list and theorem environments are provided while people can still use amsthm.sty package;
  • natbib.sty is the main citation processing package which can comprehensively handle all kinds of citations and works perfectly with hyperref.sty in combination with hypernat.sty;
  • long title pages are processed correctly in preprint and final formats.

Installation

The package is available at author resources page at Elsevier. It can also be found in any of the nodes of the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN), one of the primary nodes being http://tug.ctan.org. Please download elsarticle.dtx which is a composite class with documentation and elsarticle.ins which is the LaTeX installer file. When we compile the elsarticle.ins with LaTeX, it provides the class file, elsarticle.cls by stripping off all the documentation from the *.dtx file. The class may be moved or copied to a place, usually, $TEXMF/tex/latex/elsevier/, or a folder which will be read by LaTeX during document compilation. The TeX file database needs updation after moving/copying a class file. Usually, we use commands such as mktexlsr and texhash depending upon the distribution and operating system.

Currently the latest version of elsarticle.cls (Version 3.3) is available only in this wiki page. CTAN and author resources pages at Elsevier will be updated as soon as possible.

Usage

The class should be loaded with the command:

 \documentclass[<options>]{elsarticle}

where the options can be the following:

preprint
default option which format the document for submission to Elsevier journals. Along with this option \date{Custom date} can be provided which will be printed in preprint line in footer.
nopreprintline
Suppresses the preprint line in the footer of the first page including the date.
review
similar to the preprint option, but increases the baselineskip to facilitate an easier review process.
1p
formats the article to the look and feel of the final format of model 1+ journals. This is always of single column style.
3p
formats the article to the look and feel of the final format of model 3+ journals. If the journal is a two column model, use twocolumn option in combination.
5p
formats for model 5+ journals. This is always of two column style.
authoryear
author–year citation style of natbib.sty. If you want to add extra options of natbib.sty, you may use the options as comma delimited strings as arguments to the \biboptions command. An example would be:
 \biboptions{longnamesfirst,angle,semicolon}
number
numbered citation style. Extra options can be loaded with \biboptions command.
sort&compress
sorts and compresses the numbered citations. For example, citation [1,2,3] will become [1-3].
longtitle
if front matter is unusually long, use this option to split the title page across pages with the correct placement of title and author footnotes in the first page.
times
loads txfonts.sty, if available in the system to use Times and compatible math fonts.
  • All options of article.cls can be used with this document class.
  • The default options loaded are a4paper, 10pt, oneside, onecolumn and preprint.

Front matter

There are two types of front matter coding —

  • each author is connected to an affiliation with a footnote marker, and hence all authors are grouped together and the affiliations follow;
  • authors with the same affiliation are grouped together and the relevant affiliation follows this group. An example coding of the first type is provided below:
\begin{frontmatter}
 \title{This is a specimen $a_b$ title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
 \tnotetext[t1]{This document is the results of the research
    project funded by the National Science Foundation.}
 \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer 
    text matter to fill through the whole text width and 
    overflow into another line in the footnotes area of the 
    first page.}


\author[1]{J.K. Krishnan\corref{cor1}%
  \fnref{fn1}}
\ead{jkk@example.in}

\author[1,2]{Han Thane\fnref{fn2}}
\ead{han@different.edu}

\author[3]{T. Rafeeq\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
\ead[url]{www.nowhere.com}

\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long footnote and
  it should be a really long footnote. But this footnote is not yet
  sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote text.}
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}

\affiliation[1]{organization={Department of Physics, 
                              J.K. Institute of Science},
                addressline={Jawahar Nagar}, 
                city={Trivandrum},
%               citysep={}, % Uncomment if no comma needed between city and postcode
                postcode={695013}, 
                state={Kerala},
                country={India}}

\affiliation[2]{organization={World Scientific University},
                addressline={Street 29}, 
                postcode={1011 NX}, 
                postcodesep={}, 
                city={Amsterdam},
                country={The Netherlands}}

\affiliation[3]{organization={University of Intelligent Studies},
                addressline={Street 15}, 
                city={Jabaldesh},
                postcode={825001}, 
                state={Orissa}, 
                country={India}}

 \cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
 \fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
 \fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long 
   footnote and it should be a really long footnote. But this 
   footnote is not yet sufficiently long enough to make two 
   lines of footnote text.}
 \fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}

. . .
. . .
\end{frontmatter}

Output of another TeX source which was coded as above will look like as the following:


Els-fm1.png
Output of the footnotes and footer part will be as below
Els-fm1a.png


Most of the commands such as \title, \author, \address are self-explanatory. Various components are linked to each other by a label–reference mechanism; for instance, title footnote is linked to the title with a footnote mark generated by referring to the \label string of the \tnotetext. We have used similar commands such as \tnoteref (to link the title note to the title), \corref (to link the corresponding author text to the corresponding author); \fnref (to link the footnote text to the relevant author names). TeX needs two compilations to resolve the footnote marks in the preamble part. Given below are the syntax of various note marks and note texts.

 \tnoteref{<label(s)>}
 \corref{<label(s)>}
 \fnref{<label(s)>}                                                                                 
 \tnotetext[<label>]{<title note text>}
 \cortext[<label>]{<corresponding author note text>}
 \fntext[<label>]{<author footnote text>}

where <label(s)> can be either one or more comma delimited label strings. The optional arguments to the \author command holds the ref label(s) of the address(es) to which the author is affiliated while each \address command can have an optional argument of a label. In the same manner, \tnotetext, \fntext, \cortext will have optional arguments as their respective labels and note text as their mandatory argument.

The following example code provides the markup of the second type of author affiliation.

\author{J.K. Krishnan\corref{cor1}%
  \fnref{fn1}}
\ead{jkk@example.in}
\affiliation{organization={Department of Physics, 
                              J.K. Institute of Science},
                addressline={Jawahar Nagar}, 
                city={Trivandrum},
%               citysep={}, % Uncomment if no comma needed between city and postcode
                postcode={695013}, 
                state={Kerala},
                country={India}}


\author{Han Thane\fnref{fn2}}
\ead{han@different.edu}
\affiliation{organization={World Scientific University},
                addressline={Street 29}, 
                postcode={1011 NX}, 
                postcodesep={}, 
                city={Amsterdam},
                country={The Netherlands}}


\author{T. Rafeeq\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
\ead[url]{www.nowhere.com}
\affiliation{organization={University of Intelligent Studies},
                addressline={Street 15}, 
                city={Jabaldesh},
                postcode={825001}, 
                state={Orissa}, 
                country={India}}

\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote; this is a very long footnote and
   it should be a really long footnote. But this footnote is not
   sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote text.}
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}

The output of the above TeX sources will look like the following:

Els-fm2.png
Output of the footnotes and footer part will be as below
Els-fm1a.png


The front matter part has further environments such as \begin{abstract} . . . \end{abstract} and \begin{keyword} ... \end{keyword} which contain the abstract and keywords respectively.

\begin{abstract}
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on
the interface between a cuprous oxide slab and a polystyrene
micro-sphere placed on the slab. .....
\end{abstract}


Keywords can be marked up in the following manner:

\begin{keyword}
  quadruple exiton \sep polariton \sep WGM
\end{keyword}

Each keyword shall be separated by a \sep command. MSC classifications shall be provided in the keyword environment with the commands \MSC. \MSC accepts an optional argument to accommodate future revisions. e.g. \MSC[2008]. The default is 2000.

Specimen of a title page coding

Following is the specimen of a title page coding.

\documentclass[preprint,1p,12pt]{elsarticle}

\journal{Nuclear Physics B}

\begin{document}

\begin{frontmatter}

\title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
 \tnotetext[t1]{This document is a collaborative effort.}
 \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is longer 
     than the first one and with an intention to fill
    in up more than one line while formatting.} 

 \title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
 \tnotetext[t1]{This document is the results of the research
    project funded by the National Science Foundation.}
 \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer 
    text matter to fill through the whole text width and 
    overflow into another line in the footnotes area of the 
    first page.}

\author[1]{J.K. Krishnan\corref{cor1}%
  \fnref{fn1}}
\ead{jkk@example.in}

\author[1,2]{Han Thane\fnref{fn2}}
\ead{han@different.edu}

\author[3]{T. Rafeeq\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
\ead[url]{www.nowhere.com}

\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long footnote and
  it should be a really long footnote. But this footnote is not yet
  sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote text.}
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}

\affiliation[1]{organization={Department of Physics, 
                              J.K. Institute of Science},
                addressline={Jawahar Nagar}, 
                city={Trivandrum},
%               citysep={}, % Uncomment if no comma needed between city and postcode
                postcode={695013}, 
                state={Kerala},
                country={India}}

\affiliation[2]{organization={World Scientific University},
                addressline={Street 29}, 
                postcode={1011 NX}, 
                postcodesep={}, 
                city={Amsterdam},
                country={The Netherlands}}

\affiliation[3]{organization={University of Intelligent Studies},
                addressline={Street 15}, 
                city={Jabaldesh},
                postcode={825001}, 
                state={Orissa}, 
                country={India}}

\begin{abstract}
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on
the interface between a cuprous oxide slab and a polystyrene
micro-sphere placed on the slab. .....
\end{abstract}

\begin{keyword}
  quadruple exciton \sep polariton \sep WGM
\end{keyword}

\end{frontmatter}

\section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
Although quadrupole excitons (QE) in cuprous oxide crystals are good
candidates for BEC... See section \ref{sec1}.

Other useful environments in the front matter

Graphical abstract and Highlights are to be given within {frontmatter} environment.

Graphical abstract

\begin{graphicalabstract}
 \includegraphics{graphicalabstract.png}
\end{graphicalabstract}


Highlights
\begin{highlights}
 \item This is the highlight point of this article.
 \item This is the highlight point of this article.
 \item This is the highlight point of this article.
\end{highlights}

Floats

Figures may be included using the command, \includegraphics in combination with or without its several options to further control graphics. \includegraphics is provided by graphic[s,x].sty which is part of any standard LaTeX distribution. graphicx.sty is loaded by default. LaTeX accepts figures in the postscript format while pdfLaTeX accepts *.pdf, *.mps (metapost), *.jpg and *.png formats. pdfLaTeX does not accept graphic files in the postscript format.

The table environment is handy for marking up tabular material. If users want to use multirow.sty, array.sty, etc., to fine control/enhance the tables, they are welcome to load any package of their choice and elsarticle.cls will work in combination with all loaded packages.

Theorem and theorem-like environments

elsarticle.cls provides a few shortcuts to format theorems and theorem-like environments with ease. In all commands the options that are used with the \newtheorem command will work exactly in the same manner. elsarticle.cls provides three commands to format theorem or theorem-like environments:

\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma}
\newdefinition{rmk}{Remark}
\newproof{pf}{Proof}
\newproof{pot}{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm2}}

The \newtheorem command formats a theorem in LaTeX's default style with italicized font, bold font for theorem heading and theorem number at the right hand side of the theorem heading. It also optionally accepts an argument which will be printed as an extra heading in parentheses. The following text will show you how some text enclosed in \begin{thm} . . . \end{thm} will look like.

Els3.png


The \newdefinition command is the same in all respects as its \newtheorem counterpart except that the font shape is roman instead of italic. Both \newdefinition and \newtheorem commands automatically define counters for the environments defined. See the output of \begin{rmk} . . . \end{rmk} which is given below.


Els4.png


The \newproof command defines proof environments with upright font shape. No counters are defined. See the output of \begin{pot} . . . \end{pot} which is given below.


Els5.png


Users can also make use of amsthm.sty which will override all the default definitions described above.

Enumerated and Itemized Lists

elsarticle.cls provides extended list processing macros which makes the usage a bit more user friendly than the default LaTeX list macros. With an optional argument to the \begin{enumerate} command, you can change the list counter type and its attributes.

\begin{enumerate}[1.]
\item The enumerate environment starts with an optional argument `1.', so that the item counter will be suffixed  by a period.
\item If you provide a closing parenthesis to the number in the  optional argument, the output will have closing parentheses for all the item counters.
\item You can use `(a)' for alphabetical counter and '(i)' for  roman counter.
 \begin{enumerate}[a)]
  \item Another level of list with alphabetical counter.
  \item One more item before we start another.
  \begin{enumerate}[(i)]
   \item This item has roman numeral counter.
   \item Another one before we close the third level.
  \end{enumerate}
  \item Third item in second level.
 \end{enumerate}
\item All list items conclude with this step.
\end{enumerate}

The typeset copy of the above source code is given below:

Els6.png

Furthermore, the enhanced list environment allows one to prefix a string-like `step' to all the item numbers. Take a look at the example below:

\begin{enumerate}[Step 1.]
 \item This is the first step of the example list.
 \item Obviously this is the second step.
 \item The final step to wind up this example.
\end{enumerate}

The typeset copy of the above source code is given below:

Els7.png

Cross-references

In electronic publications, articles may be internally hyperlinked. Hyperlinks are generated from proper cross-references in the article. For example, the words Fig. 1 will never be more than a simple text, whereas the proper cross-reference \ref{tiger} may be turned into a hyperlink to the figure itself: Fig. 1. In the same way, the words Ref. [1] will fail to turn into a hyperlink; the proper cross-reference is \cite{Knuth96}. Cross-referencing is possible in LaTeX for sections, subsections, formulae, figures, tables, and literature references.

Mathematical symbols and formulae

Many physical/mathematical science authors require more mathematical symbols than the few that are provided in standard LaTeX. A useful package for additional symbols is the amssymb package, developed by the American Mathematical Society. This package includes such oft-used symbols as \lesssim, \gtrsim or \hbar. Note that your TeX system should have the msam and msbm fonts installed. If you need only a few symbols, such as \Box, you might try the package latexsym.

Symbol.png

Another point which would require the authors' attention is the breaking up of long equations. When you use elsarticle.cls for formatting your submissions in the preprint mode, the document is formatted in single column style with a text width of 384pt or 5.3in. When this document is formatted for final print and if the journal happens to be a double column journal, the text width will be reduced to 224pt for 3+ double column and 5+ journals respectively. All the nifty fine-tuning in equation breaking done by the author goes to waste in such cases. Therefore, authors are requested to check this problem by typesetting their submissions in the final format as well just to see if their equations are broken at the appropriate places, by changing appropriate options in the document class loading command, which is explained in the section Usage. This allows authors to fix any equation breaking problem before submission for publication. elsarticle.cls supports formatting the author submission in different types of final format. This is further discussed in the section Final print.

Bibliography

Three bibliographic style files (*.bst) are provided — elsarticle-num.bst, elsarticle-num-names.bst and elsarticle-harv.bst — the first one for the numbered scheme, the second for the numbered with new options of natbib.sty and the last one for the author–year scheme.

In the LaTeX literature, references are listed in the thebibliography environment. Each reference is a \bibitem and each \bibitem is identified by a label, by which it can be cited in the text: \bibitem[Elson et al.(1996)]{ESG96} is cited as \citet{ESG96}. In connection with cross-referencing and possible future hyperlinking it is not a good idea to collect more than one literature item in one \bibitem. The so-called Harvard or author–year style of referencing is enabled by the LaTeX package natbib. With this package the literature can be cited as follows:

  • Parenthetical: \citep{WB96} produces (Wettig & Brown, 1996).
  • Textual: \citet{ESG96} produces Elson et al. (1996).
  • An affix and part of a reference: \citep[e.g.][Ch. 2]{Gea97} produces (e.g. Governato et al., 1997, Ch. 2).

In the numbered scheme of citation, \cite{<label>} is used, since \citep or \citet has no relevance in the numbered scheme. natbib package is loaded by elsarticle.cls with numbers as default options. You can change this to the author–year or harvard scheme by adding option authoryear in the class loading command. If you want to use more options of the natbib package, you can do so with the \biboptions command, which is described in the section Usage. For details of various options of the natbib package, please take a look at the natbib documentation, which is part of any standard LaTeX installation.

Final print

The authors can format their submission to the page size and margins of their preferred journal. elsarticle provides four class options for the same. But it does not mean that using these options you can emulate the exact page layout of the final print copy.

1p
1+ journals with a text area of 384pt × 562pt or 13.5cm × 19.75cm or 5.3in × 7.78in, single column style only.
3p
3+ journals with a text area of 468pt × 622pt or 16.45cm × 21.9cm or 6.5in × 8.6in, single column style.
twocolumn
should be used along with 3p option if the journal is 3+ with the same text area as above, but double column style.
5p
5+ with a text area of 522pt × 682pt or 18.35cm × 24cm or 7.22in × 9.45in, double column style only.

Following is the first page of a typical single column article.

Els-1p.png

Model 1+ and 3+ will have the same look and feel in the typeset copy when presented in this document. This is also the case with the double column 3+ and 5+ journal article pages. The only difference will be the wider text width of higher models. Therefore we will look at the different portions of a typical single column journal page and that of a double column article in the final format.

Following is the first page of a typical double column article.

Els-5p.png

Displayed equations and double column journals

Many Elsevier journals print their text in two columns. Since the preprint layout uses a larger line width than such columns, the formulae are too wide for the line width in print. Here is an example of an equation (see equation 6) which is perfect in a single column preprint format:

Els10.png

When this document is typeset for publication in a model 3+ journal with double columns, the equation will overlap the second column text matter if the equation is not broken at the appropriate location.

Els11.png

The typesetter will try to break the equation which need not necessarily be to the liking of the author or as happens, the typesetter's break point may be semantically incorrect. Therefore, authors may check their submissions for the incidence of such long equations and break the equations at the correct places so that the final typeset copy will be as they wish.

Download the elsarticle packages

The following files are available for download:

  1. elsarticle.cls, the class file
  2. elsarticle-num.bst, bibtex style file for numerical references
  3. elsarticle-harv.bst, bibtex style file for name-year references
  4. elsarticle-num-names.bst, bibtex style file for numerical references also allowing name-year citations
  5. elsarticle-template-num.tex, template file for numerical references
  6. elsarticle-template-harv.tex, template file for name-year references
  7. elsarticle-v3.3-ELS.zip, the above files in a single zip file. Also it contains the source files for generating elsdoc-print.pdf.
  8. elsarticle-model-wise-bst.zip. This archive contains model-wise bibliographic bst files and specimen templates.
  9. logos.zip, the logos.

Contact

Please write to elsarticle@stmdocs.in for any help, feedbacks or suggestions.